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swarm-house/docs/adr/ADR-0002-one-storage-format.md
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ADR-0002: One storage format on every tier — Parquet + DuckDB, Hive layout

Status

Accepted (2026-07-08)

Context

Data lives in three places: on the drone's NVMe in flight (T1), in the ground warehouse after landing (T3), and in the dev/simulation environment. If each tier used a different format or layout, offload would need transformation code, schemas would drift, and a query proven on the bench would not run unchanged on flight data.

Decision

Use one storage format on every floor: columnar Parquet files in an identical Hive-partitioned layout (dataset=…/flight=…/drone=…/…), queried with DuckDB. Flight offload T1 → T3 is therefore a plain mirror (copy/rsync of partition directories), not an ETL step.

Consequences

  • Offload is a file operation, testable with a checksum; no format converters to maintain or version.
  • The same SQL runs against T1, T3, and simulated data — the simulator (../../simulator/) generates the real layout, so tests exercise the production format.
  • Partitioning choices are load-bearing; changing them is a schema migration. Detailed in ../03-data-platform.md.
  • DuckDB's single-file, no-server model fits an air-gapped drone with no room for a database daemon.